Journal: Toxins

Article Title: Coagulating Colubrids: Evolutionary, Pathophysiological and Biodiscovery Implications of Venom Variations between Boomslang ( Dispholidus typus ) and Twig Snake ( Thelotornis mossambicanus )

doi: 10.3390/toxins9050171

Figure Lengend Snippet: Snake Venom Metalloprotease Activity of venom (10 ng/µL and 50 ng/µL) was measured based on its ability to cleave a fluorogenic peptide substrate (Mca-PLGL-Dpa-AR-NH2 Fluorogenic MMP Substrate, Cat#ES001). Column graph of Matrix Metalloprotease activity assay of D. typus and T. mossambicanus obtained from normalisation of slope values. X axis: species name and concentration; Y axis: absorbance percentage. Analysis of triplicates was conducted on GraphPad PRISM 7.0 and error bars indicate standard deviation.

Article Snippet: To calculate this, the EC 50 function in GraphPad PRISM 7.0 was used for each data set.

Techniques: Activity Assay, Concentration Assay, Standard Deviation

Journal: Toxins

Article Title: Coagulating Colubrids: Evolutionary, Pathophysiological and Biodiscovery Implications of Venom Variations between Boomslang ( Dispholidus typus ) and Twig Snake ( Thelotornis mossambicanus )

doi: 10.3390/toxins9050171

Figure Lengend Snippet: The kallikrein activity of venom (10 ng/µL and 50 ng/µL) was measured based on its ability to cleave a fluorogenic peptide substrate (Boc-VPR-AMC Fluorogenic Peptide Substrate, Cat#ES011). Column graph of Kallikerin activity assay of D. typus and T. mossambicanus obtained from normalisation of slope values. There is a highly significant difference in activity between D. typus and T. mossambicanus at both concentrations ( p ≤ 0.001). X axis: species name and concentration; Y axis: absorbance as a percentage. Analysis of triplicates was conducted on GraphPad PRISM 7.0 and error bars indicate standard deviation.

Article Snippet: To calculate this, the EC 50 function in GraphPad PRISM 7.0 was used for each data set.

Techniques: Activity Assay, Concentration Assay, Standard Deviation

Journal: Toxins

Article Title: Coagulating Colubrids: Evolutionary, Pathophysiological and Biodiscovery Implications of Venom Variations between Boomslang ( Dispholidus typus ) and Twig Snake ( Thelotornis mossambicanus )

doi: 10.3390/toxins9050171

Figure Lengend Snippet: Secretory Phospholipase A 2 was measured by its ability to cleave a fluorogenic peptide substrate EnzChek ® (Cat# E10217). Column graph of sPLA 2 activity assay of D. typus and T. mossambicanus obtained from normalisation of slope values. There is a highly significant difference in activity between D. typus from the positive control and between D. typus and T. mossambicanus ( p ≤ 0.001). There is also a significant difference of T. mossambicanus from the positive control ( p ≤ 0.01). X axis: species name and concentration; Y axis: slope as a relative percentage. Analysis of triplicates was conducted on GraphPad PRISM 7.0 and error bars indicate standard deviation.

Article Snippet: To calculate this, the EC 50 function in GraphPad PRISM 7.0 was used for each data set.

Techniques: Activity Assay, Positive Control, Concentration Assay, Standard Deviation

Journal: Toxins

Article Title: Coagulating Colubrids: Evolutionary, Pathophysiological and Biodiscovery Implications of Venom Variations between Boomslang ( Dispholidus typus ) and Twig Snake ( Thelotornis mossambicanus )

doi: 10.3390/toxins9050171

Figure Lengend Snippet: Normalisation of transformed data; antivenom and procoagulant effects of D. typus and T. mossambicanus . D. typus clotting curve given in blue circles, AV D. typus = antivenom response curve given in purple circles, T. mossambicanus clotting curve given in red squares, AV T. mossambicanus = antivenom response curve given in green squares. X axis: log concentration, Y axis: Normalised time (%) (for sub data sets). Analysis performed in GraphPad PRISM 7.0. Values are averages of triplicates (single dilution measured three times), and standard deviation error bars are shown for each, although for most the error range is smaller than the line icon.

Article Snippet: To calculate this, the EC 50 function in GraphPad PRISM 7.0 was used for each data set.

Techniques: Transformation Assay, Coagulation, Concentration Assay, Standard Deviation

Journal: The Journal of General Virology

Article Title: The green tea catechin epigallocatechin gallate inhibits SARS-CoV-2 infection

doi: 10.1099/jgv.0.001574

Figure Lengend Snippet: EGCG inhibits transduction with SARS-CoV-2-pseudotyped lentiviral vectors. ( a ) EGCG or EC were added at the indicated concentrations to SARS-CoV-2-pseudotyped vectors encoding luciferase, incubated for 30 min at 37 °C and then added to HEK293T-ACE2 cells. Gene transfer into HEK293T-ACE2 cells was analysed after 24 and 48 h by measurement of luciferase activity indicated as % of the untreated control. The values for EGCG are depicted in black and grey, and those for EC in blue and light blue. The 24 h incubation was done in triplicate. The values for the 48 h incubation are mean values of three experiments done in triplicate. Significant differences between the untreated control and EGCG treatment for 48 h at the indicated concentrations are shown by the p -values, which were calculated using Student’s t -test. The -values for EGCG concentrations lower than 5 µg ml −1 were not significant. ( b ) Toxicity of EGCG and EC on HEK293T-ACE2 and Huh7 cells was tested by monitoring ATP with a luminescence assay. Cell viability (as relative light units) after 24 h incubation with EGCG is depicted in grey and viability after 48 h in black for 293T-ACE2 cells and in dark blue and light blue for Huh7 cells. The values for both assays are mean values of three experiments done in triplicate (Huh7 cells: one experiment in triplicate). ( c ) Gene transfer by SARS-CoV-, NL63-,and VSV-G-pseudotyped vectors into HEK293T-ACE2 cells and MERS-CoV vectors into Huh7 cells, was analysed in triplicate after 48 h by measurement of luciferase activity in five independent experiments. The corresponding mean IC 50 values and their standard deviations are depicted and were calculated using the GraphPad Prism 7.04 software (La Jolla, CA, USA).

Article Snippet: The plaques were counted and the IC 50 was calculated using the GraphPad Prism 7.04 software (La Jolla, CA, USA).

Techniques: Transduction, Luciferase, Incubation, Activity Assay, Luminescence Assay, Software

Journal: The Journal of General Virology

Article Title: The green tea catechin epigallocatechin gallate inhibits SARS-CoV-2 infection

doi: 10.1099/jgv.0.001574

Figure Lengend Snippet: EGCG inhibits coronavirus infections. ( a ) Vero cells were infected with SARS-CoV-2, MERS- or SARS-CoV in the presence of EGCG or EC. The values are mean values of three experiments (MERS-CoV n =4) performed in duplicate. Significant differences between EC and EGCG treatments are indicated as p -values 0.0009 for SARS-CoV-2,<0.0001 for MERS-CoV and 0.0023 for SARS-CoV. P -values were calculated with Student’s t -test, using the GraphPad Prism 7.04 software (La Jolla, CA, USA). ( b ) Toxicity of EGCG and EC on Vero cells was tested by monitoring ATP with a luminescence assay. Cell viability (as relative light units) after 24 h incubation with EGCG is depicted in grey and viability after 48 h in black. The values for both assays are mean values of two experiments done in triplicate.

Article Snippet: The plaques were counted and the IC 50 was calculated using the GraphPad Prism 7.04 software (La Jolla, CA, USA).

Techniques: Infection, Software, Luminescence Assay, Incubation